Recent scientific advances have highlighted several breakthroughs in neuroscience and regenerative medicine. Researchers have developed gene-edited human progenitor cells resistant to senescence that release exosomes carrying signals to rejuvenate other cells. Chinese scientists have successfully transformed human stem cells into dopamine-producing neurons and transplanted them into mice, resulting in reduced depression-like symptoms such as anxiety and resignation. Additionally, studies have demonstrated the reversal of aging in human skin cells and the reversal of osteoporosis in mice through mitochondria-targeted nanomedicines that metabolically reprogram resident stem cells. Investigations also revealed that low expression of human leukocyte antigen in dopaminergic neural progenitors derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) facilitates successful engraftment in the immune-privileged central nervous system. Complementing these findings, a novel female chronic social defeat stress model has been established to study sex differences in depression, and a tiny brain grown in a lab shows potential to revolutionize mental health research. These developments collectively advance understanding of brain repair, aging, and neurodegenerative disease mechanisms.