London Heathrow Airport has submitted a five-year investment plan worth about £10 billion ($13.6 billion) to the UK Civil Aviation Authority, outlining projects to refurbish terminals, expand security facilities and deploy artificial-intelligence tools aimed at improving flight operations. The airport says the upgrades would allow it to handle roughly 10 million extra passengers annually by 2031 without building a third runway. To finance the programme, Heathrow is asking the regulator for permission to raise landing and other passenger charges, a move it argues is necessary to attract private funding. Major airlines serving the hub are expected to contest the fee increase, warning that higher charges could erode their own profitability and push up ticket prices. The regulator will review the proposal and is expected to consult carriers before issuing a decision.