Canada is experiencing a surge in immigration that is exceeding government projections, with Citizenship and Immigration Canada data indicating the country is on track to welcome approximately 529,000 landed immigrants in 2025, surpassing the previously promised two-year cap. Early data from the first 120 days of 2025 suggested a pace of around 400,000 immigrants for the year, raising concerns about the immigration system's capacity and effectiveness. Critics highlight the challenge of accurately tracking the resident population, including an estimated 500,000 undocumented residents, which complicates immigration, housing, and economic policy planning. In Ontario, the auditor general criticized the provincial nominee program for not aligning nominations with occupations and skills in highest demand, amid a 20% rise in job vacancies between 2019 and 2023. The debate continues over whether provinces should have greater authority in selecting economic immigrants to address their specific labor market needs or if this responsibility should remain with the federal government. Concurrently, the Conservative Party is proposing amendments to the Criminal Code to prohibit judges from giving lighter sentences to non-citizens in order to protect their immigration status, a practice that has been permitted since 2013. This proposal aims to address concerns about perceived two-tier justice in the immigration system, though some legal experts argue that immigration status is only one factor among many considered during sentencing. The issue has sparked political discourse on immigration reform and justice system fairness in Canada.