Researchers have made progress in HIV vaccine development by using mRNA technology to overcome a key challenge in eliciting protective immune responses. Two vaccine candidates employing mRNA-based membrane-anchored envelope trimers have demonstrated the ability to reliably trigger neutralizing antibodies against HIV in both humans and animal models, according to recent studies published in Science. This approach conceals a portion of a critical protein complex on the virus surface that typically distracts the immune system, thereby enhancing the vaccine's effectiveness. Although generally well-tolerated, the vaccines have been associated with some unpleasant skin reactions in trials. Despite these advances, experts caution that an approved HIV vaccine remains likely decades away. Separately, AIDS advocacy groups have filed lawsuits against the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) seeking disclosure of details regarding a settlement with Gilead Sciences over patents related to HIV prevention pills. Activists argue for transparency in the agreement, while some acknowledge Gilead's role in developing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a viable product. The legal action highlights ongoing tensions over intellectual property and access to HIV prevention medications.