The United States and the European Union have finalized a framework trade deal announced in late July, which includes imposing a 15% tariff on most European exports to the U.S., including automobiles, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and lumber. This represents a reduction from the previous 25% U.S. tariff on European cars. In exchange, the EU has agreed to remove tariffs on all U.S. industrial goods. The deal also involves commitments from the EU to purchase $750 billion worth of U.S. energy and invest an additional $600 billion in the United States. The agreement excludes certain sectors such as wines, spirits, and digital rules. The EU is pushing for the reduced auto tariffs to be applied retroactively from August 1 to alleviate burdens on European carmakers. Meanwhile, Japan is negotiating a separate tariff agreement with the U.S., with Japan's top tariff negotiator, Ryosei Akazawa, expected to visit the U.S. soon to discuss a joint communique. The U.S. Commerce Secretary has indicated that an agreement on Japan's $550 billion investment pledge will be announced later this week. The joint document is expected to clarify investment frameworks and economic security cooperation but will not be legally binding. Japan is also seeking a reduction in U.S. tariffs on its goods and plans to amend the relevant executive order. The trade environment remains complex, with ongoing challenges despite the new agreements.