Spain’s government has published its first official account of the 28 April blackout that cut electricity to much of the Iberian Peninsula, concluding that the outage was triggered by a surge in network voltage that set off an uncontrolled chain of disconnections. Energy and Ecological Transition Minister Sara Aagesen said investigators found no evidence of a cyberattack and described the origin as “multifactorial,” citing inadequate dynamic-voltage capacity and operational missteps throughout the system. According to the 182-page report unveiled on 17 June, the grid did not have enough synchronous generation online to absorb reactive power once abnormal oscillations intensified shortly after noon. The document faults Red Eléctrica de España for what it calls “insufficient” contingency planning and says some conventional plants and renewable facilities worsened the instability by disconnecting prematurely or failing to regulate voltage within mandated limits. Red Eléctrica rejected that analysis in its own study a day later, arguing that it followed established procedures and that several power stations—mainly gas, coal and nuclear units—did not provide the reactive-power support they were contracted to supply. The operator’s chair, Beatriz Corredor, told shareholders the blackout would not have occurred “if generators had met their obligations.” The dispute escalated on 23 June when industry lobby Aelec, representing Iberdrola, Endesa and other utilities, released a third assessment blaming the grid operator’s planning for leaving the system short of voltage-control reserves, especially in southern Spain where the incident began. Aelec urged an independent review of cross-border flows with France and disputed Red Eléctrica’s claims of plant non-compliance. Seeking to break the stalemate, the cabinet on 24 June instructed the competition and energy regulator CNMC to examine the conduct of both the grid operator and generation companies within six months. The government also approved a draft decree that will tighten voltage-control requirements, allow solar and wind farms to provide dynamic support and allocate €600 million for synchronous condensers and other stability equipment aimed at preventing a repeat of the country’s worst blackout in decades.