U.S. lawmakers marked the third anniversary of the CHIPS and Science Act on 9 Aug., saying the $52 billion incentive program has spurred new semiconductor plants, strengthened domestic supply chains and created what they describe as thousands of well-paid manufacturing jobs. Democratic representatives including Chris Pappas and Donald Norcross credited the measure with rekindling American industrial capacity and pledged continued support for further semiconductor investment. Lizzie Fletcher argued that policy moves by the Trump administration are complicating companies’ ability to tap the law’s benefits. Critics remain skeptical of the program’s impact. Author and analyst Geoffrey Cain said the subsidies have chiefly propped up struggling chipmakers such as Intel, suggesting the company’s difficulties are largely self-inflicted. The diverging assessments underscore the political stakes as Washington weighs additional steps to expand advanced-chip production in the United States.