Union Pacific has announced an $85 billion agreement to acquire Norfolk Southern, aiming to create the first coast-to-coast freight rail operator in the United States. The merger would combine Union Pacific's western U.S. network with Norfolk Southern's approximately 19,500-mile system, reshaping the transportation of goods ranging from grains to automobiles. This deal, if approved, would represent the largest buyout in the U.S. railroad industry and establish the country's first transcontinental railroad. The transaction involves a combination of cash and stock and is expected to increase competitive pressure on other major rail companies such as CSX and Berkshire Hathaway's BNSF. The Surface Transportation Board has confirmed receipt of a formal notice of intent to combine, initiating the regulatory review process. However, the largest U.S. rail union has expressed its intention to oppose the merger, and several rail customers have urged regulators to block the deal, citing concerns over competition and industry impact.