The U.S. Department of Justice disclosed two unrelated espionage cases this week, highlighting continued concerns about Chinese intelligence activities targeting both U.S. military facilities and sensitive biomedical research. Federal prosecutors in the Northern District of California charged Chinese nationals Yuance Chen and Liren “Ryan” Lai with acting as unregistered agents for China’s Ministry of State Security. Investigators say the pair gathered information on U.S. Navy installations and sought to recruit American service members. Both men were apprehended and made initial court appearances on 30 June in Portland, Oregon, and Houston, Texas. In a separate action, Italian authorities arrested 33-year-old Chinese citizen Zewei Xu at Milan’s Malpensa Airport on 3 July after a U.S. extradition request. A nine-count indictment unsealed in the Southern District of Texas accuses Xu of working for the state-backed hacking group known as Hafnium, or Silk Typhoon, to steal COVID-19 vaccine research from U.S. universities and to exploit Microsoft Exchange server flaws between February 2020 and June 2021. The Justice Department says the campaign compromised more than 60,000 entities worldwide, including over 12,700 in the United States. Xu denies the allegations and is contesting extradition in an Italian court.