Humanoid robots are moving closer to mainstream adoption, according to a new Morgan Stanley analysis that forecasts about 13 million units in service worldwide by 2035 and as many as 1 billion by 2050. The bank estimates annual ownership costs at roughly $10,000, a price point it says could trigger mass-market demand comparable to the spread of passenger cars a century ago. Hardware makers are racing to turn those projections into reality. Tesla recently released footage of its Optimus prototype folding laundry and loading dishwashers, while California-based Figure demonstrated a robot capable of kitchen prep and basic cleaning. Agility Robotics’ bipedal ‘Digit’ model is already hauling boxes on U.S. factory floors, illustrating early commercial use cases beyond the home. Cost remains the chief barrier to widespread household uptake, a survey by Germany’s consumer-electronics association GFU and consultancy Oliver Wyman found. The study expects average prices for humanoid helpers in Germany to drop from about €35,000 today to €15,000 by 2035, but public opinion is split: 37 percent of respondents welcome in-home robots within the next decade, 36 percent reject the idea, and the rest remain undecided. Analysts say further advances in reliability and safety will be critical to convert interest into sales.