The US Supreme Court, in a 5–4 order issued Thursday, allowed President Donald Trump’s administration to terminate roughly $783 million in National Institutes of Health grants that officials said conflicted with new directives limiting diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) and gender-identity initiatives. The unsigned ruling lifts a lower-court injunction that had kept more than 1,700 grants flowing to universities, hospitals and research institutes across the country. Conservative Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett formed the majority, with Barrett providing the decisive vote. Chief Justice John Roberts joined liberal Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson in dissent. The court’s order permits NIH to halt existing grants but leaves in place a separate portion of the lower-court judgment that voided internal NIH memorandums used to justify future funding cuts. The ruling narrows a June decision by US District Judge William Young in Boston, who called the cancellations “arbitrary and capricious” and barred the agency from enforcing them while lawsuits brought by 16 states and public-health groups proceed. Barrett, in a concurrence, said challenges to terminated grants likely belong in the Court of Federal Claims, signaling further jurisdictional battles ahead. The NIH—the world’s largest public funder of biomedical research—said the targeted awards did not align with presidential priorities. Plaintiffs contend the cuts will disrupt studies on cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, HIV prevention and other conditions that disproportionately affect minority and LGBTQ populations, and could jeopardize thousands of research jobs. Although the Supreme Court’s decision is provisional, it hands Trump a significant win in his broader campaign to scale back federal DEI programs. The underlying litigation continues in the First US Circuit Court of Appeals and may shift to the Court of Federal Claims, leaving the future of the affected research—and the agency’s authority to withhold similar funding—unresolved.